Review of literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of literature - Essay Example High consumption of alcohol in men can arouse anger in men, with the consequent result of domestic violence. Evaluation of the impact of treatment for alcoholism one year after the treatment demonstrated reduction of anger tantrums and violence towards the female partners (O’Farrell, Fals-Stewart, Murphy & Murphy, 2003). The evaluation of a 15-week cognitive-behavioral skills training program for men involved in domestic violence against women demonstrated that there was a sharp decrease in the recurrence of the violent behavior in men completing the training program. In addition, in comparison to those who dropped out of the program, those who completed the training program demonstrated a lower rate of physical violence recidivism during the one year follow up period (Hamberger & Hastings, 1988). Cognitive behavioural therapy is a popular treatment program for physically abusive men. The objective in cognitive behavioural therapy is not only to change behavior employing behavioural change models, but also to alter thinking patterns and beliefs that contribute to the violent behavior. However, very few randomised controlled effect evaluations have been conducted on the effectiveness of this treatment strategy for any definite conclusion on the effectiveness of the treatment strategy (Smedslund et al, 2007). The Over Aggression Scale (OAS) measures aggressive behaviors on four aspects of physical aggression directed on others, physical aggression directed on self, verbal aggression, and physical aggression against objects present in the surroundings. These four classifications are further studied on the basis of ratings from one to four, with one being the least severe and four being the mist severe. This tool is extremely useful for evaluating the effect of treatment programs for reducing aggressive behavior, as it permits recording of aggressive incidents for review and comparison

The two pairs of lovers in Much Ado about Nothing Essay Example for Free

The two pairs of lovers in Much Ado about Nothing Essay Much Ado About Nothing, written in 1598 and set in Messina (Sicily) is one of Shakespeares comedies which addresses some very serious social and cultural issues inherent in Renaissance (Elizabethan) society. The play focuses on the relationships and attitudes to marriage of two couples; the mature Beatrice and Benedick and the much younger Hero and Claudio. The couples are of noble rank. Benedick and Claudio are brother officers and noblemen, Lords of Padua and Florence respectively. Benedick is a mature and experienced man in his thirties whilst Claudio is barely out of his teenage years. Hero is the young and innocent daughter of Leonato the Governor of Messina, in whose villa the play is set, whilst Beatrice, his ward and niece is much older. Both couples are in search of love, for Hero and Claudio Shakespeare makes this very explicit whilst that of Beatrice and Benedick is rather more implicit. Firstly, the relationship between Claudio and Hero, both young, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and impressionable individuals. Claudio is so infatuated with Hero at first sight that he immediately falls in love and wants to marry her. However he is shy and unsure of his own desires, he constantly seeks praise and reassurance from others and trusts Don Pedro to act as a kind of go between to help him secure Heros love. Hero a beautiful and demure young heroine is portrayed as a faithful and dutiful daughter obedient to her fathers wishes and lacking in independence; indeed she is on the receiving end of Claudios romantic speeches during Act 1 and says absolutely nothing in return. Claudio speaks convincingly of his love in verse. Their attitudes to marriage are somewhat different. For Claudio marriage is a financial matter as wealthy young women came with substantial dowries thus enabling a gentleman to provide a suitable lifestyle for his future family. A man was required to marry a woman of equal social standing. As Hero was the only child of Leonato, Claudio was also desirous of an additional sum by way of an added inheritance. Hero like most young noblewomen at that time was eager to please and simply wanted to secure a husband of equal or better social standing than themselves. Claudio being a Lord of Florence fitted the bill perfectly, being handsome and dashing was just a bonus. A womans job was primarily to run the household and produce male heirs to inherit their husbands title and fortune. As a conventional and dutiful daughter she was prepared to accept her fathers choice of partner. Here Shakespeare is alluding to the stereotypical young noble woman of the time when arranged marriages were accepted as the norm in upper class society. This scenario would appeal to contemporary audiences composed largely of working people who had paid a small sum to be entertained each afternoon. They would have enjoyed watching such upper class antics as a kind of the escapism from their rather dull and dreary lives. Indeed traditional love stories such as this had proved popular with audiences before in plays such as Romeo and Juliet. A modern audience maybe frustrated by Heros actions because today the sanctity of marriage is not as well respected and most people embrace the notion of sexual equality. Despite their apparent naivety, both Hero and Claudio have more complex sides to their characters which are reflected in their actions during the play. Claudio shows extreme jealousy when informed of Heros treachary in Act four. He is vengeful, jealous and impetuous as he immediately rejects Hero, refusing to marry her without even discussing the matter and calling her a rotten orange. Hero does nothing to defend herself when accused of this infidelity and accepts the scorn of others including her own father Leonato who rejects her immediately without question. Such actions illustrate the double standard regarding sexual relationships that existed in Renaissance times. Women were expected to maintain their purity and enter marriage as virgins, not to be so was regarded as a cardinal sin and would bring utter disgrace not only to herself but to her entire family who ran the risk of being permanently outcast from upper class society. This illustrates how vulnerable women in Renaissance times were to accusations of bad treatment. Claudio had to shun Hero in order to maintain his honour as an officer and a gentleman, being engaged to a loose woman would bring nothing but shame. Confidence is shown in Act four when Claudio willingly agrees to participate in a plot to bring Beatrice and Benedick together. However later in the play he is remorceful as he agrees without question to marry Leonatos niece. Depite her innocence and vulnerability Hero is sexually aware as she plots with Ursula to convince Beatrice that Benedick loves her. Nevertheless Hero often responds to a situations initiated by others; when she agrees with the Friars plan to win back Claudio and pretends to die, the deceitful nature of her character is revealed. Whilst Hero and Claudio represent the Elizabethan norm in marriage, the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick is more profound and less conventional for the time. At the start they play down and are cynical about the subject of love and marriage. Both characters are talkative, outspoken and full of wit; they hide their feelings for one another by engaging in a merry war (1. i. 56 ) of verbal sparring. This is illustrated in the first scene when Benedick says of Beatrice: Benedick: Well, you are a rare parrot-teacher. Beatrice: A bird of my tongue is better than a beast of yours. Benedick : I would my horse have the speed of your tongue, (1. i. 128-130) Benedick a mature and worldly wise character cannot make up his mind about marriage and privately believes he is unsuitable. His words are whilst witty are often shallow and destructive illustrated in the final line of the quote above Beatrice on the other hand a very clever, independent, strong and feisty female who is suspicious of men, scorns the institution of marriage, rejects men and rebels against the unequal status of women. In Act 4 she says O that I were a man for his sake! Or that I had any friend would be a man for my sake! I cannot be a man with wishing, therefore I die a woman with grieving(1V. i. 321-31) She defends at all costs her spinsterhood, being jealous of Hero she is afraid of becoming an old maid and remaining the dependent niece of Leonato. Beatrice is clearly unhappy with her current status in society. Whilst a modern emancipated audience would easily be able to identify with Beatrices complaints, a Shakespearean one would find her character both fascinating and outrageous. Nevertheless this controversial story line would add spice to the play and foster discussion and audience participation, thus making it an enjoyable and entertaining experience. In vowing never to marry, Benedick sets himself up for a fall, openly he is full of bravado for example when he opens up to Don Pedro; he constantly performs to the audience and other characters, by exaggerating everything. In Act 2 Scene he begs Don Pedro to send him away when Beatrice enters Will your grace command me any service to the worlds end ? I will go on the slightest errand now to the Antipodes. I will fetch a toothpicker now from the furthest inch of Asia; bring you the length of Prester Johns foot; fetch you a hair off the Great Chams beard; .. rather than hold three words conference with this harpy. ( 11. i. 246-254) When he hears that Beatrice is in love with him he promises to love her better, however he hides his deeper emotions until the latter stages of the play when he falls victim to a deception. He is totally unaware of the plot by Claudio and Don Pedro to bring Beatrice and himself together and believes every word he overhears in the garden during the second act. Similarly Beatrice is also unaware of Hero and Ursulas deception indicating the couples general gullibility. Like Claudio Benedick has a deeper side to his character such as when he agrees to Beatrices request to kill Claudio after he jilted Hero. As far as language is concerned Shakespeare uses both verse and prose. He uses verse to characterise Claudio and Hero and express deep emotion to make it sound convincing, a regular and rhythmic pattern is used. This is illustrated in the last scene when Claudio finally marries Hero: Claudio: Give me your hand before this holy friar. I am your husband if you like of me. Hero : And when I Livd , I was you other wife; And when you lovd , you were my other husband. ( V, iv, 58-61) Prose is chosen to represent the more serious interaction between Beatrice and Benedick. It is also more accessible to a largely uneducated audience who might have difficulty understanding the more complicated verse. Shakespeare also uses language to differentiate between the social classes. Noble well to do characters speak in flamboyant fancy language indicative of their importance and education whilst common barely educated characters such as Dogberry and Borachio speak in plane and simple and often inaccurate terms. For example Dogberry often gets his words completely wrong and makes ridiculous mistakes. In Act 3 Scene 3 he says Why, then, depart in peace, and let the child wake her with crying; for ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baes will never answer a calf when he bleats. (3.3.74 76). In conclusion the play illustrates a kind or irony. The young passionate relationship between Hero and Claudio based on shallow first appearances deepens. As Claudio matures he begins to appreciate Hero as a real person when he realises her innocence and finally marries her. Beatrice and Benedicks innate love is cemented, when in the final scene, they begin to realise the game they have been playing and see each other for who they really are. Benedick finally silences Beatrice with a kiss, and thus like all Shakespeares comedies the play ends in marriage between the two couples, allowing his audience to return home satisfied and in good spirit. BIBILOGRAPHY 1. Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare Arden (2001) 2. Much Ado About Nothing Film starring Emma Thompson and Kenneth Brannagh. 3. Much Ado About Nothing York Notes (1980) 4. Much Ado About Nothing Spark Notes 5. Internet www.gcseguide.co.uk

Sleep Deprivation in America Essay -- Health Medical

Sleep Deprivation in America Research indicates that America’s sleep problems have increased and might be the number one health problem. The average amount of sleep that people get per night can range anywhere from three to twelve hours. According to Dr. David Dinges at the University of Pennsylvania, it is a fact that people who get fewer than six hours of sleep a night do not live as long as people who get seven hours or more. Most people do not realize the importance of sleep or even realize that it is needed to survive. Many people experience sleep deprivation; however it is commonly seen in college students. Irregular sleeping patterns tend to occur in students, which can later lead to long-term effects. Sleep deprivation can affect the normal and regular sleep patterns and cycles of many people. According to Lacks, â€Å"Normal adults gradually move through a sequence of regularly alternating stages of sleep† (17). Adults experience these different stages because of their own distinct patterns and behavioral activity. Sleep is divided into two categories non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement (Lacks 17). These stages of sleep range from the lightest sleep to the deepest sleep. This cycle is repeated over and over again while sleeping. These sleep stages are necessary to regulate the different states of wakefulness and sleep. According to Williams, â€Å"Insomnia or difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep is almost part of everyone’s life† (29). Insomnia is a result of sleep deprivation, which can lead to further effects such as stress and aging. Regular sleeping patterns can drastically change for someone who is experiencing s leep deprivation. Circadian rhyt... ... exposed to and the only way for a student to avoid it is to find an individual way to motivate him or herself. Works Cited Bethesda MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Understanding Sleep. National Institutes of Health, 1998 Giannotti, Flavia. â€Å"Circadian Preference, Sleep and Daytime Behavior in Adolescence.† European Sleep Research Society (May 2002): 191-199. Lacks, Patricia. Behavioral Treatment for Persistent Insomnia. New York: Permagon Press, 1987. Urban, Christopher. â€Å"Sleep Deprivation Not Unusual For College Students.† The Tech .Write 3 Jun 1991.: 5. 23 Oct 2002 . Williams, Robert L. M.D., Ismet Karacan, and Constance Moore, Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1988.

Commentary on Alphonso Lingis’s article, The World as a Whole Essay

Commentary on Alphonso Lingis’s article, â€Å"The World as a Whole† Martin Heidegger’s work in Being and Time elucidated a phenomenological ontology in which death and anxiety function as the imminent possibility of impossibility, circumscribing Dasein and inscribing weight to Dasein’s temporal existence. He constructs an individual whose ontological whole is made of three fundamental elements that function as a whole; understanding, feeling and action. This being, Dasein (translated as Being There), exists in the world, and Heidegger constructs Dasein’s ontology as being-in-the-world. This is the way Alphonso Lingis predicates his understanding of Heidegerrian phenomenology in an essay from Research in Phenomenology entitled â€Å"The World as a Whole†. In this paper, I will review this article, for it holds two extremely interesting facets to be understood by any student of phenomenology. First off, it is a very well written review of Heidegger’s phenomenology: it spans from the work in Being and Time to the work done in Poetry Language Thought, and all the way to a later essay entitled â€Å"Things†. Heidegger’s work changed radically over this time, and Lingis does a great job at showing a fluidity in his work, particularly through the notion of dwelling. Also in this article one can find some great similarities between the work of Martin Heidegger and Alphonso Lingis’s own work on death, anxiety, imperatives, the elemental and enjoyment. Lingis’s own writing rarely refers explicitly to his predecessors, his writing is full of imagery and refers constantly to experience, it can be difficult for a reader of Lingis to locate his influences by just reading his work. But, this work (along with Deathbound Subjectivities) shows Li... ...g experience as a burden, â€Å"when we are in the mood of exhilaration†¦the sense of lightness of being†¦is the sense of alleviation of the burden of being and thus presupposes and reveals it†¦Why not say that the oppressive, burdensome sense of the world presupposes the more basic sense of the lightness of the clearing around us. † This is a key point in Lingis’s transition from Heidegger, and shows his Levinasian influences. In conclusion, this article is a great artifact for any student of phenomenology. Lingis is a very articulate writer, who can point out the most perplexing complexities in Heidegger’s work and lay them out for anyone to read. He also makes huge steps in realizing Heidegger’s limitations in his notions of equipmentality and mood by recognizing the burden of the world not primary to existence, that existence is primarily lived through enjoyment.

A Review of a Beautiful mind and Its Depictions of Schizophrenia Essay

A Review of a Beautiful Mind and Its Depictions of Schizophrenia Introduction: In the year 2001 the movie A Beautiful Mind was released as a biography of the life of John Nash. As the movie flows, we can easily see how his condition, schizophrenia, interferes with his personal life as well as with his home life and social life. The movie does a good job in describing Nash’s experiences and some of the help that put him back on his feet, and that motivated him to stay strong. Plot Review: The movie A Beautiful Mind begins with an odd young mathematician by the name of John Forbes Nash Jr. who is attending Princeton University in 1948. There is where he meets his roommate Charles, which is his first hallucination, but we don’t know that until later on. While at Princeton, Nash discovers a mathematical theorem and becomes a professor at MIT. John soon gets married to one of the graduate students by the name of Alicia, but shortly after that is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Nash believes he is some sort of spy because one of his hallucinated agents told him he had to work for the government because his profile is very high. Nash believes his hallucinations are real and he has to be taken to special psychological hospital. Nash never loses the support from his wife Alicia. She does have a hard time, but she tries to deal with his condition because of the love she has for him. Alicia and his baby are the only ones that are there to motivate him, but he suddenly gives in once again and fails to demonstrate that he is completely in the real world; Nash parts from society and has many hallucinations once again with Charles, Charles niece, and William, which is the man that makes Nash believe he is working for the government. Nash decides to give it his all for the love of his wife and son, after realizing that William and his other hallucinations are not real life. Nash works with his condition by avoiding and ignoring Charles, the little girl, and William; although at first it seems very hard for him to do this, he manages to conquer the temptations he use to have to talk to his hallucinations. Nash, back in the real world again starts teaching in the 1970s and is awarded the Novel prize in economics in 1994. Schizophrenia Disease: Schizophrenia is a common disease in American life and it affects 4. 5 million of the adult population in the United States. This disorder â€Å"Lasts for about six months and includes at least two of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and decreased emotional expression† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Schizophrenia also brings in disorders of thought, disorders of attention, disorders of perception, motor disorders, and emotional disorders. There are three subcategories of schizophrenia; paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia, like Nash experienced is, â€Å"Characterized by auditory hallucinations or delusions, such as thoughts of being persecuted by others or thoughts of grandeur† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Disorganized schizophrenia is â€Å"Marked by bizarre ideas, often about one’s body, confused speech, childish behavior, great emotional swings, and often extreme neglect of personal appearance and hygiene† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Catatonic schizophrenia is â€Å"Characterized by periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid, prolonged immobility: sometimes that person assumes the same frozen posture for hours on end† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). There is no real cure for this illness. Depictions of the disease in the movie: In the movie, A Beautiful Mind, schizophrenia is well shown as it develops in Nash’s life and as it interferes with his social, personal, and home life. Nash is in Princeton University when his disease first starts to appear. In the movie we see a character by the name of Charles, which is Nash’s roommate. The movie makes us believe that Charles is real life a character until later on to better illustrate the condition that Nash has to face. We believe that Charles is real because the movie actually shows Charles; it’s as if we are Nash’s eyes because he actually sees Charles and that is what schizophrenia does to a person. Another character that we believe is real is William Parcher and the same thing happens with this character. Everything that William tells Nash to do feel’s so real and taunts Nash every day as his condition worsens. Nash doesn’t believe that his hallucinations are not real life and is very upset when Alicia tells him that everything is in his mind. This can happen to a lot of people that have schizophrenia because in their mind everything is actually happening and the hallucinations that they are seeing seem so real. Like Alicia, many people who have a relative with schizophrenia suffer and find it hard to believe that their relative has mental issues. Nash, diagnosed with schizophrenia had to start accepting the fact that he was ill from his mind. This not only affected his home life, but also his personal life, and his social life. Nash was at home most of the day so he didn’t really socialize with anyone, but his wife. He couldn’t even be responsible for taking care of his own baby because Alicia didn’t trust him that much. He lost his job and was not able to cooperate in the relationship like a normal person. In some cases, like in Nash’s case, a person with schizophrenia will be tempted to stop taking their medications and the hallucinations can reappear. Their hallucinations can impact their mind once again and their condition can worsen. Like it was shown in A Beautiful Mind, a family can slowly start to fall apart and the bond they use to have can slip away. Treatments for Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a disease or condition that still does not have a cure, but we do know that its factors are biological, neurological, and environmental. Like many other diseases, schizophrenia does not have a cure, but there are chances of recovery and medical treatments depending on the symptoms that are present within the person. Chances of recovery depend on the type of schizophrenia and their symptoms. Schizophrenia is classified as either schizophrenia type one, or schizophrenia type two. Type one, â€Å"Includes having positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, which are a distortion of normal functions. In addition, this group has no intellectual impairment, good reaction to medication, and thus a good chance of recovery† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Type two, â€Å"Includes having negative symptoms, such as dulled emotions and little inclination to speak, which are a loss of normal functions. In addition, this group has intellectual impairment, poor reaction to medication, and thus poor chance of recovery† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Drugs such as haloperidol can be given to reduce symptoms such as delusions. â€Å"Neuroleptic drugs, also called antipsychotic drugs, are used to treat serious mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, by changing the number of neurotransmitters in the brain† (Downar and Kapur, 208, p. 541). The neurotransmitter that is affected by these drugs is dopamine. These drugs will reduce the symptoms of the person which most likely will help them recover faster and feel a little bit better. Inaccuracies in the portrayal of treatment measures: I believe that a lot of what was trying to help Nash was very accurate, but it didn’t look like he had enough support from anyone, but his wife. To me it seemed like motivation was the number one reason that he â€Å"recovered. † His wife told him, maybe it’s not in your brain, maybe it’s in our heart. † Although motivation might have helped him, that isn’t a real form to get a person with schizophrenia to change fast. His medications and he beginning to socialize and teach again is what clearly helps him to start avoiding and ignoring his hallucinations. It almost looked like he did it all on his own, but a person with schizophrenia needs real attention. Conclusion A Beautiful Mind was very good at playing out demonstrating many actions and behaviors that a person with schizophrenia has to deal with. It showed in great details how such a disease change the life of a schizophrenic and their family. It portrayed schizophrenia type one and also some symptoms of type two. By watching this film I became a little more familiar with what the disease can do. Of course not everything about the disease can be learned from watching a movie, but this film does have many great scenes that help us become a little more familiar with the negative effects of the disease. The movie did a great job and is capable of at least getting people to have an idea of what schizophrenia is.

Billy Elliot Essay Example

Billy Elliot Essay Example Billy Elliot Essay Billy Elliot Essay Billy Elliot speech Hello I am here to talk about the film billy Elliot which was based on my life. In this movie it shows there is a variety of pathways and elements, which enables individuals to transition into a New World. ‘Into the World’ is about people choosing the next pathway into their life by their own determination, experiences and support. Which enables them to go beyond their original location and narrow view of the world? ‘Billy Elliot’ relates to ‘Into the World’ as the film is about new possibilities opening up, determination, family support and individual growth. The other relative text that I will be talking about shows a different kind of transition into the world is the article â€Å"young sailor prepares to set sail† these two different texts show two different approaches to the same theme. Throughout this film I face many challenges. My character billy is put through many tough ordeals, such as when I have no support from my family or community in trying to fulfil my dream in becoming a ballet dancer. hen the view of a boy becoming a man is to work in the mining industry to play rugby and doing boxing I was never interested in those things and never good at them the director shows that im different in the scene where i am sparring in the ring and have no fighting stance or desire to fight. The quote† Jesus Christ, Billy Elliot! Youre a disgrace to them gloves, your father, and the traditions of this boxing hall! † shows how billy is not living up to society’s expectations of what a young boy should be interested in and doing. In this boxing lesson I discovered my talent and passion for ballet. The director shows this in the scene in the boxing lesson there is contrast shown by the camera panning past many pairs of ballet slippers. Before stopping at billy’s feet with him wearing hit boxing shoes, This shot reinforces that billy is different and not living up to his father’s expectations which we see as the first step in billy moving into a new world. Throughout this film there are many obstacles I have to overcome to move into a new world such as the approval I seek from my father brother and community. To have their support and understanding of my dreams this is something that at first is not accepted firstly from my brother tony who hates the idea and it is shown from the quote â€Å"dance you little twat! † in the scene where tony finds out about the ballet and his lack of understanding turns to anger and he lashes out at billy and mrs Wilkinson

Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Example

Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Example Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Facility Planning Part 1 Essay Facility Planning Part 1 Facility Planning Part One Dwan Chatman HCS/446 July 26, 2011 Ruth Ann Vaughn Facility Planning Part One The United States is facing a crisis with the rise in health care cost and the aging population suffering from chronic and terminal illnesses. As a result, hospital administrators are left to seek out methods to address these patients’ needs. The hospitals are trying networking, patterning with new physicians, and building additional outpatient treatment facilities to address the needs of the community, and the demographic area. In this paper the subject is to explain the community and facility need for Penn Medicine Rittenhouse to develop a new outpatient therapy clinic. Additionally, this paper will describe the population the clinic will service and will conclude with a description of the facility. Facility Need Physicians and hospital administrators at the facility have begun to notice a rise in knee, spinal cord, and neurological conditions in the hospital (UPENN, 2011). They knew that many of their patients were either elderly or athletes who both disagree with long stays in a hospital. For the elderly patients, limited incomes were their primary reasons and the athletes simply do not have time to be confined to a hospital for rehabilitation. Many of them felt that having an outpatient rehabilitation and treatment center would benefit them in the long run. Penn Medicine conducted a study and found this information to be true. They in turn partnered with Good Shepherd Penn Partners and began developing a plan to combat these issues (UPENN, 2011). The partners wanted this facility to be close in destination and provide all of the services a fully functional in patient facility would have. When developing the plan for their facility they had to do a study on the population and demographics of the area surrounding the designated site in order to ensure the facility would meet the needs of the community. Type of Population The area surrounding the new facility is a historic area in the city of Philadelphia. William Penn designed Rittenhouse Square Park in the 17th century which is what made the area historic (Philadelphia Facts, 2011). Over the years the demographics changed as residents began to populate the area; it became known as a Victorian aristocratic neighborhood with townhouses. Around the 20th century, high rises were built to take the place of the town houses, high end shopping districts, and the best upscale restaurants were built to signify the expansion of the culture of its residents (Philadelphia Facts, 2011). This area has attracted a diverse group of residents from park goers; families with atlethtic children; punk rockers, and elderly people looking to finish their golden years in quality, this area is perfect for a new rehabilitation center. Located near Center City, this area can be accessed a number of ways from public transportation and is also accessible from interstates 76 and 676 (Philadelphia Facts, 2011). Additionally, there is also a bike lane which is another great reason for the location. Residents in this area prefer to bike ride because of traffic congestion and Limited Street parking adding another reason to this being a good location for the new facility. Placing the facility here was a strategic move on the part of Penn Medicines administration because patients’ can access the facility on lunch break or pretty much from anywhere within the city. Description of Facility Penn Medicine Rittenhouse was designed to assist the University of Pennsylvania Hospital in combating the growing sports and spinal cord injuries that require long and extensive treatments to correct. The facility is 12,000 square feet which is dedicated to the new Outpatient Therapy Clinic. The facility has specialty features for neurological conditions; sports/orthopedic injuries, and sports medicine injuries (UPENN, 2011). They offer three new services that were the driving force in the decision to open the facility. The new services housed in the facility are Comprehensive Brain Injury Program, Spinal Cord Injury Program, and a top notch Gait Lab. These services include pressure sensitive floors, computer analysis, and multiple video cameras to analyze patients’ movements and natural walking cycles (UPENN, 2011). The first floor of the facility houses Good Shepherd Penn Partners therapy and Fitness site, the facilities Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation administration offices, and space for patient care. The primary goal of this facility is to provide a continuum of care in one place. Patients receive inpatient and outpatient post acute care in one facility. This will make it easier for patients already mentally struggling with accepting their injury at least have a hassle free way to obtain care. In conclusion, Good Shepherd Penn Partners and Penn Medicine saw a need for a new facility in their community and acted accordingly. By determining the need for the facility; finding a suitable location to fit the targeted population, they were able to build a state-of-the-art modernized facility to combat all rehabilitation issues in one stop. The success of the facility will depend greatly on how well administrators developed, budgeted and executed their plan. References Philadelphia Facts. 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011. From www. about. com/Philadelphia UPENN. Penn Medicine Rittenhouse. 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011. From www. usphs. upenn. edu

Practical Essays

Practical Essays Practical Essay Practical Essay Practical Name: Institution: Course: Date: Practical Introduction The aim of embryo culture is to obtain a plant after isolating and growing an embryo in vitro. It involves the cultivation of embryos from seeds and ovules in aseptic conditions. The culture medium depends on the type of plants, and the age of the embryo. A person can use mature or immature embryos. People practice embryo culture for different reasons. Some do it because they want to know more about the plant. Growing the embryos outside the ovules gives a person the chance to learn the nutrient composition of the plant at every stage of development, identify the requirements of the plant and identify the different stages of growth. Embryo culture provides a way of getting hybrid seedlings and overcoming seed dormancy. This enables the production of crops with superior qualities. The practice of embryo culture is important because it used to recover distant hybrids and haploid plants. This practice is important because it shortens the breeding cycle of the plants (Bhojwani Razdan, 1 996). Materials and Methods We used snow peas pods and five plates of pea culture medium. We adjusted the culture medium to a pH of 5.7. Embryos grow well in a medium with a pH of 5 to 7 (Razdan, 2003). It contained 110g/L of vitamins, 11% sucrose, 50ml/L of coconut water containing agar, and casein hydrolysale. One needs to select the right culture medium that will support orderly and progressive development of the embryo. One should ensure that the medium is able to nourish the embryo. Sucrose is a source of energy and it supplements the vitamins. Using high quantity of vitamins can inhibit the growth. Therefore, one should use vitamins minimally. Other materials included scalpels, plates, grid paper, and aluminum foil. We rinsed the pods with water, and then sterilized them in 70% ethanol for two minutes. We then washed the pods again with distilled water and treated them with 2% hypochlorite solution. After the treatment, we washed the seeds again using distilled water. We opened the cotyledons, and removed the embryo hearts from the snow peas pods while exercising caution not to damage the embryos. We used a scalpel tip to cut the embryos horizontally into two parts. We measured the embryos using a grid paper. It is important and mandatory to measure the embryos before putting them in culture, so that one can determine the level of growth after the appointed time. We then photographed the embryos using the digital camera. We then put the two embryos in different culture media. We sealed the plates with the aluminum foil and incubated them at 22o for three weeks. After this time, we re-measured the embryos to check their growth. Results Embryo culture results- Initial Size (mm2)Final size (mm2)Difference (mm2) 2 25 23 2 25 23 3 35 32 1 10 9 4 20 16 9 30 21 9 25 16 10 30 20 8 36 28 12 150 138 4 60 56 Discussion There was only one healthy cotyledon. The other cotyledons were contaminated in different ways or damaged by heat. The contamination of the embryos may have happened during the cutting process. Although we sterilized and treated the embryos, we did not take the same effort in ensuring that the materials we were using were not contaminated. This affects the results of the culture. We did not get the results we had anticipated. The embryos did not grow as well as we had expected them to do. Some of the embryos were damaged by heat. We had sealed them with aluminum foil and put them under 22o. It seems that we exaggerated the level of heat required, or we used the wrong materials to seal the embryos. Contamination affects the growth of the embryos because it introduces bacteria. The bacteria breed on the embryos, and destroy the cells of the embryos. This hinders growth. We were not careful when extracting the embryos from the pods, and we saw this after seeing some of the damaged cotyl edons. This destroyed the embryonic tissues and prohibited the embryos development. We had used embryos of different sizes, ranging from 1 mm2 to 12 mm2. At the end of the experiment, the sizes of the final cotyledons did not correspond to the sizes of the embryos. However, we experienced the highest growth rate of 150 mm2 from the largest embryo, and the lowest growth rate of 10 mm2 from the smallest embryo. It seems that the contamination and the heat affected the growth of the embryos. Growth of the embryos occurs when there is cell division in the embryos. The development of the embryos occurs when cells specialize. This explains why there was growth in the cells, although they were contaminated, and why the largest embryos showed the highest growth rates. The size of the embryos determines the growth rate of the embryos. Large embryos have many cells, while the smaller embryos have fewer cells. Therefore, the larger embryos have a higher chance of developing (Kohl, 2007). References: Bhojwani, S. S., Razdan, K. M. (1996). Plant tissue culture: Theory and practice. Boston, MA: Elsevier Kohl, B. (2007). Embryo culture: Making babies in the twenty-first century. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Razdan, K. M. (2003). Introduction to plant tissue culture. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, Inc.

The Organisational Context of Management Accounting Essay

The Organisational Context of Management Accounting - Essay Example This paper is aimed at analyzing the case study of the Royal Danish Theatre (RDT).   In an attempt to implement budgetary and management control system into RDT that met with resistance from different actors. The objectives of this paper can be examined from three dimensions.   In the first instance, the paper seeks to outline, analyse and discuss the main issues concerning the case study of the Royal Danish Theatre in relation to management control and accountability. In the second part of the paper, the paper identifies the study’s methodological assumptions of the case study using agency and contingency theory. The paper interprets the similarities and differences of the case study from each of the theoretical perspective. Following a series of budgetary control and a number of reforms which were instituted to push RDT towards the break even point. Thus;   in our analyses we will be evaluating the management control system of   RDT as described in the case study in section ; analyzing the case using agency and contingency theories in section; comparing and contrasting agency and contingency theory perspectives as well as looking at how the interpretation of the case differ from each theoretical perspective in section . This dscussion identifies and discusses the various issues raised in the case from an academic and professional perspective. These issues are presented under different subsections below.

Two cheers for anarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two cheers for anarchy - Essay Example From the book, it is evident that hierarchy is common in everyday life and in many situations. As such, it ought to be considered and the role it plays given undivided attention. The book also provides an argument of Scott’s view of freedom. Based on the arguments that he presents in the book, it can be concluded that the state does not always oppose freedom. According to the author, the state can play a role of emancipation whereby it can free people from injustices that deny them freedom. Through democratic representation of the citizens, the state strives to ensure that all people are equally represented and that no person enjoys freedom at the expense of others. Scott argues that anarchism teaches people about revolutionary and reformist political changes in society and how they tend to happen. Based on the arguments provided in the book, it can be concluded that protests and movements are not necessarily supported by organizations. Rather, it is the other way round whereby protests and movements enhance the functioning of organizations (Scott 10). Scott also discusses the aspects of structural change in society and the factors that determine such changes. From the book, it can be concluded that structural change is witnessed when there is mass destructions that happen as a result of riots, arson, theft, as well as unorganized demonstrations and mass actions, which threatens the existence and functioning of the institutions that the state has already established. Scott notes that, from an anarchist’s point of view, subordinate members of the society such as artisans and peasants were considered thinkers who shaped the political views of their respective regions (Scott 22). All chapters in the book start with a story about anarchism; in each of the book chapters, there is a representation of an element of truth about anarchism. While narrating his stories, the

A kid who currently doesn't have insurance and is being transported to Research Paper

A kid who currently doesn't have insurance and is being transported to another hospital with asthma and pneumonia - Research Paper Example These include the patient’s health condition, the mode of transport, and distance between the two hospitals, among others (University of Maryland, 2009, p. 47). The type of medical equipment required to transport a patient has an impact on the financial weight of patient transport. The sort of medical equipment needed is dependent on the health condition of the patient. A patient with a condition of heart disease would require adequate systems to be present within the transport vehicle; enabling the staff to deal with any complications that may arise during transport. This translates into a larger financial burden on the patient. In this case the child transported has asthma and pneumonia. Asthma and pneumonia are not as severe and critical as heart disease. However, the equipment required for transportation still consists of expensive devices such as Cardiac monitors, pulse oximeter, oxygen delivery system, and intubation equipment including others (Jaimovich & Vidyasgar, 200 2, p. 236). The distance between the two hospitals is crucial in deciding the means of transport. For small distances; intra city transport, ground vehicles are ideal. For large distances; intercity transport, air transport is preferred.

Environmental and Resource Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental and Resource Economics - Essay Example II. Command-and-Control Approach The Command-and-Control Approach to environmental protection has given rise to regulations that set limits on emissions and discharges from machineries, and on specific properties and makeup of equipment that may be manufactured, imported or utilized in the country. Under the same Approach, rules on audits and disclosure of information are also imposed. With the government giving due recognition to companies that abide by environmental protection laws, companies are driven to be compliant. Furthermore, companies are spared from the mandatory costs of non-compliance with the set standards and laws. For these reasons, the Command-and-Control Approach can work. (Khanna & Damon 1999) However, it has been pointed out that plain declaration of environmental laws is not enough. Non-compliance should be subject to strictly applied sanctions and penalties for such laws to be effective and for the Command-and-Control Approach to work. (Tietenberg & Lewis 2012) In the United States, the purpose for setting rules and regulations designed to protect the environment were initially declared by former President Richard Nixon on 1 January 1970 through the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA). As stated in the NEPA, the firm policy of the US Federal Government is to establish and maintain conditions that would allow man and nature to co-exist in harmony through the use of powers and resources that the Government has at hand. NEPA further states that this policy delivers the social, economic and other requirements of the American people, both present and future generations. (Wilson 2004) In the years that followed, more environmental standards and laws have been set and legislated. Thus, the Command-and Control Approach of the US Government has spawned the environmental protection system that stands to this day. Subsequently, the Congress instituted the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (R CRA), and the Comprehensive environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). (Wilson 2004) In spite of the many laws that have been made for environmental protection, critics have continually hounded the effectiveness and efficiency of such laws with endless questions. These laws contain the goals for which they have been set and critics have zeroed in on how the same goals have not been achieved through the implementation of the same laws. (Wilson 2004) Hence, the limitation of the Command-and-Control Approach is highlighted. Nationally promulgated and applied laws, no matter how good, can never successfully secure environmental protection. After all, the efforts of one specific country cannot combat the harm inflicted by the other countries across the globe. While we all attempt to save our planet, the Command-and-Control Approach used by governments can mostly cover only their specific territories. The bid of the United States to totally eliminate all production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chemicals harmful to the ozone layer can be cited as an example. Even with US exercising political will, the ozone layer will continually thin out for as long as there are other countries that get on with their generation and use of CFCs. Due to the extreme damage that CFCs can cause the

The relationship of leadership to the politics of the organization Essay

The relationship of leadership to the politics of the organization - Essay Example (Fryer, 2004: 342) Upon examining the case of George Latour, the researcher will discuss the leadership style used by George followed by assessing the appropriateness of the leadership style. On the part of Shelley, the researcher will provide some recommended strategies that she could employ to enable her to better manage her boss. Prior to the main discussion, the researcher will assess the relative political position of George and Shelley as well as its implications on the leader-follower behavior. It is clear that George has been practicing autocratic or authoritarian leadership style. (Clark, 2005) Despite Shelley’s expertise in Marketing, George unconsiously directs Shelley on her every move causing her to feel very much demotivated with her job. In general, the use of authoritarian leadership style is more appropriate when the leader is training a new employee without any form of actual experience with the job. (Clark, 2005) Since Shelley has gained several successful experiences in the field of Marketing, George should apply a delegative or ‘free reign’ leadership style to empower Shelley to be a part of important Marketing-related decision-making. (Clark, 2005) When applying the delegative leadership style, George should develop a clear organizational goal which will serve as a guide on where the company as a team should focus. Upon discussing with Shelley her main goal, George should give her an ultimatum of three- to six-months period to come up with a good Marketing result. (Lawrie, 2004: 38) George should learn and adopt the transformational leadership style. (Goodnight, 2004: 36) In general, transformational leaders are the ones that do not practice positional authority. Instead of using authoritative leadership style, transformational leaders are committed to train and develop the rest of employees to become a leader

Environmental and Resource Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental and Resource Economics - Essay Example II. Command-and-Control Approach The Command-and-Control Approach to environmental protection has given rise to regulations that set limits on emissions and discharges from machineries, and on specific properties and makeup of equipment that may be manufactured, imported or utilized in the country. Under the same Approach, rules on audits and disclosure of information are also imposed. With the government giving due recognition to companies that abide by environmental protection laws, companies are driven to be compliant. Furthermore, companies are spared from the mandatory costs of non-compliance with the set standards and laws. For these reasons, the Command-and-Control Approach can work. (Khanna & Damon 1999) However, it has been pointed out that plain declaration of environmental laws is not enough. Non-compliance should be subject to strictly applied sanctions and penalties for such laws to be effective and for the Command-and-Control Approach to work. (Tietenberg & Lewis 2012) In the United States, the purpose for setting rules and regulations designed to protect the environment were initially declared by former President Richard Nixon on 1 January 1970 through the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA). As stated in the NEPA, the firm policy of the US Federal Government is to establish and maintain conditions that would allow man and nature to co-exist in harmony through the use of powers and resources that the Government has at hand. NEPA further states that this policy delivers the social, economic and other requirements of the American people, both present and future generations. (Wilson 2004) In the years that followed, more environmental standards and laws have been set and legislated. Thus, the Command-and Control Approach of the US Government has spawned the environmental protection system that stands to this day. Subsequently, the Congress instituted the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (R CRA), and the Comprehensive environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). (Wilson 2004) In spite of the many laws that have been made for environmental protection, critics have continually hounded the effectiveness and efficiency of such laws with endless questions. These laws contain the goals for which they have been set and critics have zeroed in on how the same goals have not been achieved through the implementation of the same laws. (Wilson 2004) Hence, the limitation of the Command-and-Control Approach is highlighted. Nationally promulgated and applied laws, no matter how good, can never successfully secure environmental protection. After all, the efforts of one specific country cannot combat the harm inflicted by the other countries across the globe. While we all attempt to save our planet, the Command-and-Control Approach used by governments can mostly cover only their specific territories. The bid of the United States to totally eliminate all production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chemicals harmful to the ozone layer can be cited as an example. Even with US exercising political will, the ozone layer will continually thin out for as long as there are other countries that get on with their generation and use of CFCs. Due to the extreme damage that CFCs can cause the

Security Technologies for Online Payments Literature review

Security Technologies for Online Payments - Literature review Example There are several security technologies that are adopted by organizations to ensure smooth execution of online payments without any exposure or leakage of data to unreliable third parties. 2. Security Technologies in E-commerce According to figures from Ali (2011), cyber crimes cost Britain around 27 billion pounds every year. Such instances proved to expose the weaknesses of the credit card payment systems. Due to the appalling increase in the instances of data and identity thefts, organizations have started investing significant fractions of their resources to deploy effective security measures for online payments. Several researchers have also exerted their efforts in devising reliable security technologies. Some of the common ones have been discussed below: 2.1 Payment Gateway Get Started with an Ecommerce Payment Gateway (n.d.) defined the payment gateway as the intermediate pathway that encrypts information between the participants and ensures the completion of a transaction in the most secure environment. A payment gateway workflow is considered to be amongst the numerous pathways that are deployed in the whole cycle of an E-commerce transaction; this workflow is responsible for the authorization of the information. The following figure explains the placement and functions of the payment gateway: Figure 1: Workflow of Payment Gateway (Graham, 2006) The payment gateway works on the basis of the following steps: 1. The customer chooses the products and fills in the credit card details. 2. The credit card information is encrypted and verified for its authenticity with the card companies. The encryption function protects the data from being read by intruders and eavesdroppers. 3. Upon the validation of the information, the customer is displayed the summary of his transaction details; otherwise he is checked out of the whole process. 2.2 Geolocation Bratby (2011) stated that geolocation is a technology that identifies the geographic location of the user to en sure that there are no anomalies between his provided information and his location. Such identification is aimed to reduce instances of identity thefts and credit cards frauds. If a credit card issued from UK is being used to initiate an online payment from South Asia then flags will be raised at the respective online shopping website for possible anomalies or attempts for malicious activity. A general approach is to inquire security questions, PINs etc to ensure that the individual issuing the request is the owner of the card or account. The IP address of the user is translated into geographical locations by the geolocation administrators; these service providers maintain extensive database of IP addresses in relation to locations on the planet. Glover et. al (n.d) stated that the technology is so effective that most of the service providers claim to identify the user within 50 miles. The following figure shows a graphical representation of the geolocation technology: Figure 2: Pro cess of identifying the geographic location of the user (Svantesson, 2004) 2.3 Blacklisting and Whitelisting Approach Application Whitelisting: A New Security Paradigm (2008) stated that blacklisting approach follows a reactive strategy by protecting the system against malware. Extensive records are

Practices prevent the abuse of school funds Essay Example for Free

Practices prevent the abuse of school funds Essay The education of students and the welfare situation of the staff are paramount issues in addressing school finance. The nature of the education cadre in high schools is an important part of the formal education of the young child who has in between the childhood and adolescent stages of human development. It is therefore important for he head teacher who is saddled with the responsibility of promoting education within the school to commit the available resources to the right channels to achieve the intended results of infrastructure development and provision of facilities to ensure continuity of education in the school. Some of the Infrastructure development- that needs be upheld include library, art and technical studios, computer rooms, music room; environmental sanitation, provision of teaching and learning aids, game centre and kits, award ceremony for staff and students In this age and time, it is needful to realize that education is a social and economic good; this implies that it is an avenue to build viable human capital which would contribute to , national economic wealth and health alongside the effective utilization of material, capital and natural resources within the environment. This economic good also contributes to individual health by establishing an individual as a positive force within the community where he resides. Although education does not preclude evil but its positive impact apparently outweighs its negatives. This issue is important because it informs the decision of the principal of head teacher of the high school about the judicial use of the funds available to him from various sources. What are these sources of funds to the high school? These include the federal allocation to public schools, the state allocation to schools within the jurisdiction. These two forms the socio-political source of funds, while there is the local source from payments by the attending students. Besides, there could also be internally generated funds from projects, programs and economic activities approved for and/or by the school. Realizing the economic good in education and the source of funding of schools are important tools that can contribute to stemming abuse of funds in schools especially high schools. While it is illegal to misuse funds for personal goals, aspirations like acquisition of political power or savings towards retirement, it is necessary for head teachers to realize the role of education in the growth and development of the adolescent child that attend high schools. If they realize the import this can have on the morals and social development of these kids, the propensity to embezzle schools funds would diminish in our schools. One of the practices that prevent abuse of funds includes fiscal accountability. Realizing that for every allocation by the government or payment by the attending students would be accounted for contribute to stopping the abuse of funds. This fiscal accountability is achieved by tracking fund though the means of revenue and expenditure track, monitoring of accounting transactions and auditing. As part of this measure, auditing is an inevitable tool; it includes internal and external audit. While the former uses local staff, the latter adopts using the appropriate institutions within the society which can rarely be influenced the caprices of a local head of high school. In any situation there is inconsistency in the tracking of the funds, which shows that there is need for more scrutiny of such heads. If this auditing can be effectively carried out at all levels of education especially at high schools, it would drastically change the shape of funding and spending within schools by their principals. Another equally important tool is Budgeting: this includes organizing financial transactions, balancing them through stipulated revenue and expenditure plan with a view to meeting staff needs, fund student activities and attain social and local goals. Organizations can incremental, use of school site, outcome-focused or tailored towards program planning. Balancing includes planning revenue and expenditure in such a way as to achieve a balance, deficit or surplus. The aim of budgeting is basically to draw a financial plan to meet specific needs. This gives rooms for identifying challenges and tackling them within the limit of available resources. A comprehensive budget would meet staffing needs which covers recruitment and selection, compensation, and continuous training and retraining on advancements in technological and teaching practices. It would also make provisions for student’s activities and embark of appropriate programs that can meet school and district missions. There would also be allocations for infrastructure development to cover construction works, architectural lay-out and provision of necessary education facilities. Such a budget would encompass all areas that need improvement within the school; when these goals are outlined and there is institutional will to meet them, it would be difficult to abuse funds. Usually available funds may not even be sufficient to meet needs driving fund-raising and capital programs for increased revenue generation. When purpose is not known, abuse is inevitable. This is the essence of the budget. Realizing the importance of good governance with respect to financial prudence on the morals of staff and students makes a leader a judicious custodian of available financial resources. Fiscal accountability through auditing by internal and external outfits dampens the propensity to divert school funds towards personal goals. Since knowledge does not preclude this evil, strict disciplinary measure meted to offenders who are convicted of this white collar crime is another practice that militates against abuse of school funds. These are measures that prevent misuse of school funds. REFERENCES Safeguarding School Funds by Henry Linn. 4th edition. †¢ Review of Educational Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, 399-408 (1933) 1933 American Educational Research Association Chapter VI: School Finance †¢ Does money matter? GT Burtless Policy Studies Journal, 1997 †¢ Pritchett, Lant Filmer, Deon, 1999. What education production functions really show: a positive theory of education expenditures. Economics of education review. Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 223-239, April. †¢ Goldhaber, Dan D. , 1996. Public and private high schools: Is school choice an answer to productivity problem. Economics of education review. Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 93-109, April.

Downfall Of Pakistan Industry Film Studies Essay

Downfall Of Pakistan Industry Film Studies Essay Pakistan film industry started off as a mighty empire, industry of the chocolate heroes and exquisite heroines. This is known as the Golden era of the industry where cinemas were filled with audiences enjoying their local movies which would touch the sensitive issues of the society. The industry flourished, boomed and grew mightier every day. An article in LA times sums up the story of Pakistan film industry, In their heyday, theaters such as the Odeon had queues of Pakistanis snaking far beyond the box-office window and down Lahores bustling sidewalks. Moviegoers dressed in their snazziest salwar kameezes and arrived two hours before a showing to secure tickets. Today, Pakistani cinema has all but vanished, a victim of the VCR, cable television, President Muhammad Zia ul-Haqs Islamization of Pakistani society, and finally DVD piracy. In 1985, 1,100 movie houses operated in Pakistan; today, only 120 are in business. The few directors, producers and cinema owners often rely on second jobs to make ends meet (Rodriguez). The Islamization reforms introduced by the President Zia-up-Haq led to the deterioration of the industry and finally to its downfall. Stereotypical thinking, lack of Government finance and support, uneducated actors/actresses/writers/directors, lack of acting schools and production houses, and lately the introduction of the Indian movies in our local cinemas has closed down the industry completely. The role of cinemas in the downfall of the film industry also needs to be discussed. It highlights the willingness of cinema owners to show Indian and English movies in their cinemas. Although it might be argued that the cinemas have shown willingness to show Pakistanis movies as well. For example, the DHA cinema in Lahore is currently a Pakistani movie CHANNA SACCHI MUCHI, along with other Indian and Hollywood movies. Furthermore, several cinemas continue to show Pakistanis movies despite incurring losses but even this trend is changing as no cinema owner would continue to lose revenue by not showing Indian and English movies as also suggested by Jam Hussains article in The Nation newspaper, While the Pakistani films have vanished from the cinema, the screening of foreign movies is in full swing these days. Almost every cinema in the City including those located in the Northern Lahore and Walled City known for displaying Punjabi movies, has switched over to either Indian or English film. The cinema-owners are going for the foreign flicks after the Pakistani films failed to attract viewers in a sizable number to sustain the cinema industry. One of the reasons for the introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was to bring back audience to the cinemas so as to ensure the survival of cinemas but the cinema owners, instead of screening both local and foreign films, are switching towards foreign films only which is effecting our film industry quite negatively. It is said that the downfall of the film industry started with the introduction Islamization policies indroduced by President Zia-ul-Haq. Advocates of General Zias regime argue that following the Bangladesh liberation war, the number of cinemas decreased rapidly and as political uncertainty took charge of the industry; filmmakers were asked to consider socio-political impacts of their films. So the film industry was already on decline but the imposition of new registration laws for film producers requiring to be degree holders, where not many of them held one, led to a steep decline in the workings of the industry, the forcible closure of most of the cinemas in Lahore by government and the introduction of new tax rates which further decreased cinema attendances is proof enough of the fact that the policies introduced by General Zia was a major blow to the film industry. There were other implications as well, according to the article How Pakistan Fell in Love with the Bollywood publis hed in Foreign Policy magazine by Anuj Chopra, General Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization policies resulted in the artificial split between Indian and Pakistani culture. Basically entertainment, particularly Indian entertainment, was labeled as fahashi (vulgar). Classical Indian music and dance were banned, and colleges were instructed to shut down their music societies. Sari, a Hindu garment, was banned, which according to him revealed too much of a womans body. Moreover, it has also been noted that in state TV programs, women playing negative roles were shown wearing Indian clothes (mainly saris), while the good ones were shown wearing salwar kameez(traditional Pakistani outfit) and a dupatta (a shawl covering the head). General Zias Islamization process was a huge setback to Pakistans film industry and it is still recovering from those setbacks as the process permanently changed the way people thought about films and the industry. The Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad and low quality and also that people with low standards come to these academies and work in this industry. It is commonly accepted that respectable people dont go to Pakistani cinema houses anymore, unless of course it is to watch a special screening of some Hollywood blockbuster (Minhas). It might be argued that people still watch and appreciate Pakistani movies and also that many people are entering this field with prospects of great future. Some of the many new talents that have entered the industry include names like: Fawad Khan, Imran Abbasi and Imaan Ali. Their acting in Khuda Key Liye, regarded as one of Pakistans best movie, was commendable. They are a source of inspiration for other individuals, especially those who are passionate about acting but feel that there is no future in it. However, a few exceptions cannot really account for the performance of the whole industry. Most of us are aware of the fact that a government can play a key role in promoting the film industry of a particular country. This notion obviously applies to Pakistan also, but the ill-fate of our country is such that the government has shown little interest in the development of this industry. The point is also backed by Amna Nasir Jamals article The Pakistani Film Industry Struggles to Survive in which she says that due to governments laxity in the past two decades, the film industry has deteriorated and most of the technical facilities have been closed. It is acknowledgeable that throughout Pakistans history most of the governments have been hesitant to promote the film industry because of the opposition from religious factions. What the government does not realize is that the film industry has a potential of playing an important role in portraying a better image of Pakistan. Recently, the government, under President Asif Ali Zardari, formed United Film Association of Pakistan ( UFAP) which aims to bring back the golden era of the film industry and also, according to the newspaper article Taxes Everywhere and Not a Film to Screen in The Express Tribune by Saadia Qamar, levied a 65 percent tax on the screening of foreign films in Punjab. These are positive steps and whether they will bear fruits or not, only the future can tell but what the industry really needs is economic and technical assistance which every government has failed to provide. It is argued that the introduction of Indian and Hollywood movies has provided a competitive base for Pakistani movies so that only good quality movies come forward. The argument is backed by the introduction of movies such as Khuda Key Liye but the situation of the whole industry needs to be taken into account first. The film industry is on the brink of collapse, Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad so there is very little demand, few cinemas that are still operating are unwilling to screen Pakistani movies, the industry lacks technical equipment and expertise and there is very little government support. In 2009 an article, Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood published in Times of India by Bhariti Dubey quite accurately sums up the impact of Indian movies on Pakistans films industry, This year, the Pakistani film industry produced only nine films. The reasons for this dwindle are many but most fingers point to one culprit who, they claim, has killed their industry : Bollywood.  In the recent past, almost every film released in India has simultaneously been released in Pakistan and done business of about Rs 2 crore to Rs 5 crore. Our local industry is unarguably very weak and needs support and exposing it to foreign competitors would never allow it to grow. It is also suggested that instead of putting restrictions on Indian movies, the Indian movies should be allowed to be screened and promoted in Pakistan if the Indians agree to screen Pakistani films. This would improve cross border relations and also give Pakistani actors, who do not find enough work here, an opportunity to work in India. Meera and Javed Sheikh have already worked in Indian movies and as more people enter Bollywood, they could bring investment into our industry. However, this school of thought does not realize that Pakistani movies can only be screened in India if they are made of the same caliber and are able to compete with their films otherwise the Indian cinema owners would have no incentive of screening Pakistani Film. The introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was only intended to increase the revenue of cinema owners and motivate our producers/directors to work harder and compete with them. However, this introduction took a wrong turn and still faces a lot of opposition. Islamization policies, lack of financial support by the government, introduction of foreign movies in local cinemas and stereotypical thinking of the locals have really dented the film industry. The Pakistan film industry is now a sinking ship, which needs a captain who cannot only secure the future of the industry but can also lead the ship to its destination. The Pakistani Film Industry went through a smooth and a bumpy road altogether. There was a time when the industry saw good days as well as the bad days. But changes can be inflicted to make sure that the industry revives and sees those heights once again that it saw previously. The government support, educated youngsters, and establishment of more acting schools, cinemas, and production houses are the elements which should come on one platform in order to make the revival possible. Works Cited Page Rodriguez, Alex. Pakistans Film Industry is in Collapse.  LA Times  08 Nov. 2009. Print. Chopra, Anuj. How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood.  Foreign Policy Magazine  15 Mar. 2010. Print. Minhas, Shandana. The Second Wave.  Chowk  22 Nov. 2004. Web. Jamal, Amna N. Pakistani Film Industry Struggles to Survive.  Central Asia Online. Web. Qamar, Saadia. Taxes Everywhere and Not a Film to Screen.  The Express Tribune  19 Apr. 2010. Print. Dubey, Bhariti. Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood.  The Times of India  1 Nov. 2009. Print.   Hussain, Jam S. Indian Movies Dominate Lahore Cinemas. The Nation [Lahore] 3 Aug. 2009. Print.

American Society Portrayed in Tolkins The Player and Among the Dead :: Tolkin Player Among the Dead

A Fractured American Society Portrayed in Tolkin's The Player and Among the Dead The novels 'The Player' and 'Among the Dead' are not simply tales about any given character, as it would appear, but in fact they represent Tolkin's own personal vision of what he thinks American society is becoming. Namely, that it is a fractured society built on false values, where people have difficulty dealing with the truth of feelings or situations and where people will do anything to make money. The individual plots are realistic though, and they seem to work as both true-to-life dramas and broader social commentaries. This gritty realism becomes apparent after a brief look at the events of each novel. Part of a major Hollywood executive's job is to reject writers in the polite 'don't call us, we'll call you' fashion. But when 'The Players' Griffin Mill starts to receive death threats from an anonymous writer, he panics. In an attempt to clear his conscience of not replying, he contacts a writer at random from his old diary, who he can't even remember, and chases him down to apologise and offer him a job writing a new film. But when the writer laughs in Griffins face, Griffin goes mad with frustration and murders him. The rest of the story involves Griffin's slow breakdown involving: knowing he'll get caught; his romantic attachment with the writer's widowed girlfriend; his realisation of knowing he's getting older and a new young hot-shot producer threatening his job, and the real death-threatening writer still trying to kill him. This also acts as a broader social commentary on the way American society, particularly Hollywood, is made up of lies, false values and dishonesty to th e point of absurdity. 'Among The Dead' begins with another executive, Frank Gale, writing a letter. This letter is a carefully crafted 'forgive-me' note in which he confesses to an affair he's been having. The plan is to take his wife on holiday and give her the letter and then spend the rest of the time trying to sort out their marriage. But Frank takes too long saying goodbye to his mistress and he ends up missing the plane, which then crashes killing everybody on board, including his family. The book then follows Frank dealing with his wife and daughter's death and the way in which the Airline company find Frank's letter in the wreckage, and sell it to create a sensational news story and also in defence against a law suit from the victims of the crash's families, as blackmail against Frank.

Prohibition and Repeal 18th & 21st Amendments :: essays research papers fc

Prohibition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prohibition was the eighteenth amendment. It prohibited the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. People would have never thought of â€Å"excoriating† alcohol until the 19th century (Tyrrell 16). During this time widespread crime and dismay arose. Some beneficial things did come out of this period of chaos such as women were able to prove themselves as people their temperance movements. During this time many things happened that led to Prohibition’s strongest point and to its fall. Prohibition proved to be a failure from the start,. Prohibition was scarcely adhered to and also widely defied but out of this women had a chance to voice their opinions and prove themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Article V deals with amendments. Either house or law makers can propose amendments. In order for an amendment to be passed the House of Representatives and the Senate must ratify by three quarters vote. On January 29, 1919, the Secretary of State announced that on January 16th thirty-six states had ratified the amendment and therefore it had become a part of the Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperance movements were vital keys to the ratification of the eighteenth amendment. Temperance at first meant abstaining from distilled liquors, but later would be the complete avoidance of alcohol. Both men and women would participate in temperance across the United States. Women finally had a voice in these issues. Women temperance movements would include gathering around saloons, pharmacies, and other places that distributed alcohol that could be consumed. In these gatherings women would sing prayers, recite psalms, and persuade people to avoid drinking alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the men of these temperance groups was a Connecticut preacher named Lymm Beecher. He was well known for his work with temperance movements. He was also known for his publishing, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of intemperance. He was a pre-prohibition modern day Reverend Jonathon Edwards by â€Å"appealing to the deepest emotions and beliefs of his readers† (Lucas 24). Ironically he moved to Boston and worked with Reverend Justin Edwards to unite temperance groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the women of the temperance era, Francis Elizabeth Willard was probably one of the most important temperance leaders. She was born September 23, 1839 in New York. She first got her aversion towards alcohol by her father because he was a â€Å"total abstainer† (Lucas 32). Her interests in temperance grew when she heard stories of the Women’s Crusades in Ohio. She joined a team of crusaders in Pittsburg and later became the president of the Chicago branch of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

Ftm 460 Exam3 Study Guide

FTM 460 Exam 3 Review (Chapters 10-13) 33 Multiple Choice Questions (3 points each). The majority of test questions come from Chapter 10 & Chapter 13. The least from Chapter 11. Chapter 10: The concept of measurement * Be able to recognize the 4 types of measurement scales: CHART 10. 4 in chapter ten slide six * Nominal: Scales that partition data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories. Ordinal: Scales that maintain the labeling characteristics of nominal scales and have the ability to order data * Interval: Scales that have the characteristics of ordinal scales, plus equal intervals between points to show relative amounts; they may include an arbitrary zero point. * Ratio: Scales that have characteristics of interval scales, plus a meaningful zero point so that magnitudes can be compared arithmetically. * Define: Scale reliability: Degree to which measures are free from random error and, therefore, provide consistent data.The extent to which the survey respon ses are internally consistent. Cronbach’s alpha: Test-retest reliability: The ability of the same instrument to produce consistent results when used a second time under conditions as similar as possible to the original conditions. * Be familiar with the steps in the measurement development process (McDaniel’s diagram) Slide 3 CH 10. * Know the difference between a constitutive and operational definition of a given construct. Slide 4) * Constitutive: ambiguity is a direct function of the discrepancy between the information available to the person and that which is required for adequate performance of a role. It is the difference between a person’s actual state of knowledge and the knowledge that provides adequate satisfaction of that person’s personal needs and values. * Operational: Role ambiguity is the amount of uncertainty (ranging from very uncertain to very certain on a five-point scale) an individual feels regarding job role responsibilities and exp ectations from other employees and customers. Be able to distinguish between convergent vs. discriminant validity. * Convergent: The degree of correlation among different measures that purport to measure the same construct. * Discriminate: The measure of the lack of association among constructs that are supposed to be different. Chapter 11: Using measurement scales to build marketing effectiveness * Define: Semantic differential scale (10) , Likert scale–be able to recognize examples of each (12) Agree, Somewhat Agree, Somewhat disagree, Disagree.Chapter 12: Questionnaire design * Know the differences between the following types of question formats: * open-ended: Questions to which the respondent replies in his or her own words. * Probed vs Un-probed * closed-ended: Questions requiring respondents to choose from a list of answers * Dichotomous: Choice between two answers * Multiple Choice * Scaled Responses * What are the reasons for using screening: to identify qualifies res pondents and probing questions?When do we use branching? * Understand sequencing rules for laying out questions in a survey (i. e. , general questions first). Slide 16 * Screeners, Warm-up (Easy to answer questions show the respondent that the survey is simple), Transitions (Questions related to research objectives require slightly more effort), Difficult Complicated (The respondents has committed to completing the questionnaire), Classifying and demographic. Chapter 13: Basic sampling issues * Know the difference between a Probability: Everyone in the population has a known, nonzero, likelihood of selection (Simple random, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster) * Non-probability: Samples in which specific elements from the population have been selected in a nonrandom manner. (Convenience, Snowball, Judgment, Quota) * Know the difference between a sample and a population. (Population is the entire group of people about whom information needed; also called the universe or population of int erest. ) * Define: simple random sample: A sample selected by assigning a number to every element of the population and then using some method for randomly selecting elements to be in the sample such as random digit dialing * systematic random sample: A sample in which the entire population is numbered and elements are selected using a skip interval (every Nth name is selected * stratified random sample: A sample that is forced to be more representative through simple random sampling of mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets either proportionally or disproportionally.Good for data that are not normally distributed. * Convenience sample: A sample based on using people who are easily accessible – such as mall intercepts or other high traffic locations. * Sampling error: Error that occurs because the sample selected is not perfectly representative of the population. * Be familiar with the McDaniel’s stages of a sampling plan * Define the target Population- Determine th e characteristics of those you are interested in studying.Determine which group of people or entities about which you want to learn more. * Choose the Data Collection Method- Determine how you collect the sample – such as mail, Internet, telephone, mall intercept, ect. * Select the Sample Frame- A list of population elements from which units to be sampled can be selected. * Obtain the Sample- Determine how you will get the sample list through probability or non-probability methods. * Determine Sample Size * Select Sample Units * Conduct Fieldwork

Toulmin Argument

Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Cover Sheet a) Who is your audience? My audience applies to everyone in the US. My audience is very broad because my topic touches base on an issue that can or could potentially affect anyone directly or indirectly as well. b) How would you like your readers to describe the personality you present on the page? My personality is confident. I believe in my argument and feel strongly about it. c) What question does your paper answer? It answers the question as to whether or not there is an issue with police brutality. ) What’s your thesis/claim? Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Toulmin Questionnaire Claim Questions: What’s my claim? Something needs to be done immediately to end the vio lence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated.Is it valid? What makes it valid? -Yes. It’s valid because I have lots of evidence and quotes from sources to back me up as well as strong warrants and backing to help support me as well. I truly believe in my claim and will defend it fully. Is it practical? Can it actually be acted out? Yes, and yes. It touches base on a topic that is growing and becoming a big problem in society. Using â€Å"sociological terms† it is becoming a macro problem. It’s no longer a micro one. Are there qualifications I must make to my claim?I’m not necessarily sure this question pertains well to my topic specifically, but I don’t feel there are any qualifications I must obtain to be able to state and back up my claim other than the fact that you must have some good evidence and knowledge on the topic. What will be some possible challenges to my claim? Some may oppose by saying the media is making police brutality into a bigger issue than it really is, or that the violence police use is justified as â€Å"self-defense†. Who could benefit most from accepting my claim? Who may be harmed or benefit the least?All citizens can benefit. The people that may not agree or like my claim is the police departments who hired police officers who have been offenders of police brutality. Grounds questions: What are my grounds? – According to the St. Paul yearly analysis, in 2010 crime rates for homicides alone have shot up 9% since 2001. – â€Å"In 1982, the federal government funded a â€Å"Police Services Study† in which over 12,000 randomly selected citizens were interviewed in three metropolitan areas. Do I have sufficient evidence to support my claim? Yes.I used pieces of quotes from the StarTribune as well as statistics from a trusted website. Do I have pieces of ev idence that are compelling? Least compelling? Some of my quotes are more coercive than others. The statistics I used are stronger than the quotes I used from the StarTribune because the quotes seem more like an opinion rather than a solid fact. Warrant questions: What are my Warrants? – â€Å"To believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to nflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense. † – â€Å"Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. † What other warrants may underlie the ones I have identified? There were a few different warrants I could have made for my grounds. For example, the first I could have said that in order to believe that police are role models you must belie ve that in most situations cops do or have benefited the community in some way shape or form.Am I prepared to stand behind my warrant, regardless of the opposing views? Yes. I truly believe in where I stand on this issue and I believe I have a strong argument. Backing Questions: What is my backing? – Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. – It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized. Does my backing apply in all cases? Why or why not? Yes. My backing is aimed to back-up my warrants to the best of my ability. Abby Boyce English 1201Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Formal Outline I. â€Å"In the middle of broad daylight, August 28th, 2012, laid a man helpless and defenseless after being kicked, beat, and sprayed repeatedly with a chemical irritant. † a. Refer to StarTribune article and discuss background/situation that happened b. Claim: Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. II.Cops, especially street cops, are supposed to be the role-models of the community and are hired to benefit the community, not harm it. a. Grounds: Give statistics from St. Paul homicide ratings b. Grounds: Define police brutality c. Grounds: Use quote from the StarTribune III. Warrant: To believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to inflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense. a.Backing: Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. The reason for this is so that they can learn the ethics that must be used while on duty as well as many other classes that teach the duties that must be performed and how to go about them. IV. Claim: We are discovering that most brutality is directed against minority groups or otherwise powerless populations. a. The importance of understanding racism in the context of police brutality needs to be brought to attention and is extremely out of line. b. Grounds: Quote CliffNotes. com V.Warrant: Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. a. Backing: It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized. b. Grounds: Use example that relates to my experience c. Grounds: Use CliffNotes quote VI. Qualifier: With all that said, there is only one exception to my argument which is, if a citizen threatens to use a lethal weapon on an officer or if a citizen gets physically violent against an officer, then physically restraining that person is reasonable and just.In officer trainin g schools they are taught to use self-defense when necessary. a. Once put into physical restraints or if the citizen has calmed down or promised to cooperate, the self-defense should end immediately. b. Officers can and should always remain on high alert though. VII. If we want our officers to be treated with respect, and our 911 systems to be effective to end crime, then police brutality should not be tolerated and should end immediately in order to keep citizens safe and ensured that our criminal justice system is working to benefit the community in a positive way. Abby BoyceEnglish 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Police Brutality Awareness In the middle of broad daylight, August 28th, 2012, laid a man helpless and defenseless after being kicked, beat, and sprayed repeatedly with a chemical irritant. We later come to find out that man is named Eric Hightower, and according to the article â€Å"Police Brutality in the Age of YouTube† in the StarTribune, he has had previous run-ins with the law, but on August 28th his offense that caused the policeman (St. Paul officer Jesse Zilge) to violently kick and beat this man, while he lie on a St. Paul sidewalk, is unknown.Shortly after the incident a video was posted on YouTube, which provided solid evidence that this cop was completely out of line. But it’s not the first time there have been issues with the morality and brutality of our local and nationwide officers. Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. Cops, especially street cops, are supposed to be the role-models of the community and are hired to benefit the community, not harm it.According to the St. Paul yearly analysis, in 2010 crime rates for homicides alone have shot up 9% since 2001. Many of those crimes may have been easily prevented if cops had been doing the ir job correctly and using appropriate punishment only when needed. Many citizens have become scared to call 911 and involve the police because they don’t trust the actions they will take. In reality, the police should be making you feel at ease and knowing you can call them for help should be something people should feel comfortable doing.Police brutality is defined as the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. It takes many forms, including physical abuse, verbal attacks, and psychological intimidation. In the most recent years, we are seeing more and more cops being put on trial for their violent conduct. The story of Eric Hightower is just one of the many recently reported and investigated stories of victimized citizens being put in physical harm by cops. It’s beginning to make many of us wonder how many times there have been incidents like this in the past that have never been reported.It was brought to my attention more closely than ever when it was as stated in the StartTribune, â€Å"If an officer can kick someone in front of witnesses and a camera, how often do those types of attacks happen at night when cameras aren’t rolling? † Of course, to believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to inflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense.Even when using self-defense should it ever be okay to kick someone, along with â€Å"slam someone's head onto the car hood† (according to the StarTribune in the Hightower story)? The answer is no. If cops are supposed to be preventing physical abuse and fighting why on earth would it ever be okay for them to use it. Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. The reason for this is so that they can learn the ethics that must be used while on duty as well as many other classes that teach the duties that must be performed and how to go about them.Knowing that, I have a very hard time believing there is any circumstance an officer could say that they were unaware their behavior was out of line. We are discovering that most brutality is directed against minority groups or otherwise powerless populations. Officers who engage in brutality rationalize their use of inappropriate force by claiming they are punishing those groups that threaten to disrupt the social order. The importance of understanding racism in the context of police brutality needs to be brought to attention and is extremely out of line.Many police automatically regard racial minority group members as potentially dangerous regardless of their particular activities, gestures, or attire. This perception of racial minority citizens as â€Å"trouble† sometimes translates into racially discriminatory police behavior. According to CliffNotes. com, â€Å"In 1982, the federal gove rnment funded a â€Å"Police Services Study† in which over 12,000 randomly selected citizens were interviewed in three metropolitan areas. The study found that 13 percent of those surveyed had been victims of police brutality the previous year.Yet only 30 percent of those who acknowledged such brutality filed formal complaints. † I would be willing to bet that over 50% of those citizens, who endured the police brutality, are minorities or racially different from the cop that inflicted the abuse upon them. Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. Which in fact, it most definitely is. It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized.For example, before reading the article in the StarTribune and prior to taking a Criminal Justice class that focused on the racially discriminating cops, I had no idea this w as even an issue. It needs to be brought in the public eye so that people can start voluntarily coming forward and so the problem can be solved nationwide. I believe we this is a realistic request and hope for our future, because recently Departments in some cities, for example, have adopted special training programs to reduce incidents of police brutality.Other departments have formulated rules that limit the use of force by the police. Preventive control also requires supervising officers (for example, conducting surveillance of officers' work) and disciplining those who violate departmental standards. A few amount of cities aroung the US are developing early warning systems to identify officers with high rates of citizen complaints. These incidents should be investigated, and if verified, the officers involved should be charged, disciplined, restrained, and/or counseled.According to CliffNotes. com, â€Å"Pittsburgh, for example, launched a $1. 5 million computer system. It moni tors every aspect of an officer's professional life—from the number of citizen complaints filed against the officer to the race of every person the officer arrests. † With all that said, there is only one exception to my argument which is, if a citizen threatens to use a lethal weapon on an officer or if a citizen gets physically violent against an officer, then physically restraining that person is reasonable and just.In officer training schools they are taught to use self-defense when necessary. Many officers though, are abusing that privilege. Once put into physical restraints or if the citizen has calmed down or promised to cooperate, the self-defense should end immediately. This does not mean that the officer should not be on high alert, but physically, he or she should not be getting physical with the citizen. If we want our officers to be treated with respect, and our 911 systems to be effective to end crime, then police brutality should not be tolerated and shou ld end mmediately in order to keep citizens safe and ensured that our criminal justice system is working to benefit the community in a positive way. Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012Citations CliffsNotes. com. Police Brutality. 21 Oct 2012 ;lt;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9975. html;gt;. Editorial Board, . â€Å"Police brutality in the age of YouTube. † StartTribune. 09 2012: 1. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. ;lt;http://www. startribune. com/opinion/editorials/168689626. html? refer=y;gt;.