Unilateral Peters Anomaly in a Nigerian Child

Unilateral Peters Anomaly in a Nigerian ChildCase reportAbstract10-week-old female infant presented in our clinic in March, 2013 with fib of bittie just globe since birth. There is associated account statement of whitish speck in the affected eye.The child is a overlap of terminal figure pregnancy which was uneventful. M early(a) denied any history of febrile complaint during pregnancy. Nil history of maternal rashes, nil hearing or optic challenges, nil intention of any drug apart from routine ante-natal haematinics. No history of use of traditional medicine in the course of her pregnancy. The persevering is the encourage child of her pargonnts. There is no similar occurrence in the another(prenominal) sibling or in any other penis of the monogamous family. Ocular run revealed right microphthalmos, microcornea and cornea opaqueness with pannus. The whole issue of the cornea was affected. An assessment of right Peters anomaly was made. The ocular ultrasound done reve aled that the right globe mensurable 16.1mm in its AP diameter and the left globe measured 16.9 mm. There was cataract in the right eye and the front tooth chamber was indifferent with adherence of the iris to the cornea. Patient was to be placed on decorative relate lens in future when she would be old abundant to manage it.Key words Cornea opacity, microphthalmos, unilateral, Nigerian, child INTRODUCTIONPeters anomaly is a form of congenital corneal opacity. It is associated with malformation of the anterior segment of the eye. 1 The aetiology of the bod is non clear. The most desirely causes admit genetic, infectious, traumatic and toxic factors. 1Peters anomaly is a rare form of anterior segment dysgenesis in which abnormal cleavage of the anterior chamber occurs. The school may involve the central or entire cornea. The leucoma is associated with irido- corneal adherences at the area of the leucoma. In the communicable form, mutations involve the PAX6 gene.2 Pete rs anomaly was described by Peters about one hundred years ago. 3It is a rare cause world wide, however the incidence rate is unknown.The form does not prepare racial or sexual predilection. A study done by Bhandari et al. Showed equal distribution in both sexes. 4 There are two types of Peters anomaly based on the state of the lens viz. type 1 and type 2. In type 1, the lens may or may not be cataractous but the lens does not adhere to the cornea. In type 2, the lens is cataractous and adheres to the cornea. 5 Type 1 is usually unilateral while type 2 is reversible in 60% of cases. The cornea is usually clear at the periphery and vascularisation is not common however thither may be sclerization of the limbus. Case tarradiddleA 10-week-old female infant presented in our clinic in March,2013 with history of lessened right globe since birth. The yield noticed long-suffering to have small right globe since few hours after birth. There is associated history of whitish speck in the affected eye. The child is a product of term pregnancy, which was uneventful. Mother denied any history of febrile illness during pregnancy. Nil history of maternal rashes, nil hearing or visual challenges, nil use of any drugs apart from routine ante-natal haematinics, nil ingestion of native mixture during pregnancy. She received routine antenatal Tetanous Toxoid vaccination. She neither smoked behind nor drank alcohol. She did not chew kola either. Child was delivered by spontaneous vagina delivery, superlative presentation. She cried spontaneously immediately after birth and the umbilical cord was cauterize using sterile cord scissors. She had received immunization according to field of study Programme on Immunization schedule. She had similarly been achieving all the normal developmental milestones. There is no history of any febrile illness since birth. She is the second child of her parents. There is no similar occurrence in the other sibling or in the family.Ocular examination revealed right microphthalmos, microcornea and cornea opacity with pannus. General and general examination did not reveal any other abnormality.An assessment of right Peters anomaly was made. The nature of this condition was explained to patients parents with counselling on how to raise the patient. Consent was obtained from the mother and clinical photograph of the condition was taken. The ocular ultrasonography done revealed that the right globe measured 16.1mm in its AP diameter and the left globe measured 16.9 mm. There was cataract in the right eye and the anterior chamber was absent. The left eye was sonographically normal. It is our belief that patient may benefit from the use of augmentative contact lens in future. DiscussionThe early presentation of the patient is quite commendable. This may be related to the rarity of the ocular condition and the fact that the parents were enlightened.Most cases of Peters anomaly are discontinuous however the inherited ones could be of autosomal recessive and dominant modes of inheritance. It is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 4. 6 We could not sustain family history of similar presentation in the family of this patient. The other child of the parents was also said to be normal and in stable condition. Based on this fact, it is our considered opinion that the case may actually be a sporadic one. Peters anomaly is often an isolated ocular defect but there may be associated ocular and systemic anomalies. However further examination of the patient did not reveal any other systemic abnormality. This may be related to the fact that the condition was unilateral as bilateral Peters anomaly is more often associated with systemic anomalies. The globe was observed to be small and this was confirmed with the aid of ultrasonography. The associated anterior segment anomalies with Peters anomaly include glaucoma, anterior polar cataract, cornea plana, sclerocornea, microphthalmos, colobomata as saluta ry as mesodermal dysgenesis of the anterior chamber angle and iris. 7 Peters anomaly may be associated with systemic anomalies like limb deformities, craniofacial anomalies, cleft lip and palate as well as genitourinary defects. 8-10Treatment of Peters anomaly is challenging and unsatisfactory. The outcome of corneal transplantation is not rewarding due to post operative complications like graft failure, cataract, retinal detachment and glaucoma.11 Alternative treatment measures include revolution of corneal autograft, atropinisation of the pupil most especially if the visual axis is spared and optical iridectomy.The involvement of the whole extent of the cornea and the microphthalmic globe are associated with poor panorama for visual recovery. Affectation of only one eye is also assay factor for amblyopia. The patient was not suitable for corneal grafting in view of the vascularisation of the cornea. Optical iridectomy or atropinisation was also not considered as the whole extent of the cornea was affected. In view of the poor prognosis match with the cosmetic challenge, the patient was to be placed on cosmetic contact lens when she is old enough to manage contact lens. ConclusionWe intermit that prompt presentation and treatment of patients with Peters anomaly is desirable. There is need to make up more awareness about the condition among health care providers and the masses in view of the fact that it is rare. Multidisciplinary approach should be adopted in the management of affected patients most especially those with associated systemic anomalies. Figure 1 Child with right eye Peters anomaly